Abstract
This study explores the theme of human freedom in Herodotus’ History and challenges scholarly interpretations that emphasize a deterministic reading of his work. While some scholars have argued that Herodotus emphasizes the compulsory nature of perceived self-interest, or psychological egoism, others have argued that Herodotus believes in divine fatalism. Contrary to these two deterministic views, I contend that Herodotus sees the freedom of the will as crucial for political freedom. This article argues that Herodotus presents extreme versions of both of these deterministic views within the History while simultaneously lacing his account with various contradictions that once attended to reveal a subtle rejection of them in favor of volitional freedom. Herodotus’ rejection of a determinism becomes especially clear when close attention is given to his methodology and manner of writing.